extends / implements / abstract / interface

// Inherit from a parent class.
class ChildClass extends ParentClass { }

// Define an interface.
interface InterfaceName {
	public function method(): void;
}

// Implement an interface.
class ClassName implements InterfaceName { }

// Define an abstract class.
abstract class AbstractClassName {
	abstract public function method(): void;
}

sample_extends.php

<?php
// Basic inheritance example.
class Fighter {
	public function __construct(
		protected string $name
	) {}

	public function battle(): string {
		return "{$this->name} is bracing for it.";
	}
}

class KofFighter extends Fighter {
	public function battle(): string {
		return "{$this->name} moves in!"; // Override the parent method.
	}

	public function special(): string {
		return "{$this->name}: Oni Yaki!";
	}
}

$fighter = new KofFighter("Yagami Iori");
echo $fighter->battle(); // Outputs "Yagami Iori moves in!"
echo $fighter->special(); // Child class methods are also available.

// Calling the parent constructor with parent::.
class User {
	public function __construct(
		protected string $name,
		protected int $age
	) {}
}

class Admin extends User {
	public function __construct(
		string $name,
		int $age,
		private string $role
	) {
		parent::__construct($name, $age); // Run the parent constructor.
	}
}

// Defining and implementing interfaces.
interface Loggable {
	public function to_log(): string;
}

interface Cacheable {
	public function cache_key(): string;
}

// A class can implement multiple interfaces at once.
class Article implements Loggable, Cacheable {
	public function __construct(
		private int $id,
		private string $title
	) {}

	public function to_log(): string {
		return "[Article:{$this->id}] {$this->title}";
	}

	public function cache_key(): string {
		return "article_{$this->id}";
	}
}

$article = new Article(1, "PHP Basics");
echo $article->to_log();    // Outputs "[Article:1] PHP Basics"
echo $article->cache_key(); // Outputs "article_1"

// Abstract class example.
abstract class Shape {
	abstract public function area(): float;

	public function describe(): string {
		return "The area is " . $this->area() . "."; // Can call the abstract method.
	}
}

class Circle extends Shape {
	public function __construct(
		private float $radius
	) {}

	public function area(): float {
		return pi() * $this->radius ** 2; // Implement the abstract method.
	}
}

class Rectangle extends Shape {
	public function __construct(
		private float $width,
		private float $height
	) {}

	public function area(): float {
		return $this->width * $this->height;
	}
}

$circle = new Circle(5);
echo $circle->describe(); // Outputs "The area is 78.539816339745."

$rect = new Rectangle(4, 6);
echo $rect->area(); // Outputs "24"

php sample_extends.php
Yagami Iori moves in!Yagami Iori: Oni Yaki![Article:1] PHP Basicsarticle_1The area is 78.539816339745.24

Inheritance via extends lets you build on an existing class by adding or modifying functionality. PHP supports single inheritance only — a class can have at most one parent class. To combine behavior from multiple sources, use interfaces or 'trait'.

An interface defines a contract: "you must implement these methods." Because it guarantees the existence of methods without depending on a specific implementation, it helps improve type safety in large applications. An abstract class sits between an interface and a concrete class — it can enforce the implementation of some methods while providing shared logic in others.

For the basics of classes, see 'class'. For access modifiers, see 'public / private / protected'.